俄罗斯和乌克兰怎么了？（中）

More than 14,000 people have died in the fighting that has been ongoingthroughout theinterveningyearsand which hasdevastatedUkraine's eastern industrialheartland.

超过14,000人在战争中丧生，这些战争在这几年里一直在进行，并对乌克兰东部的工业中心区造成了破坏。

intervening

intervening /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈviː.nɪŋ/ 表示“发生于其间的；介于中间的”，英文解释为“happening between two times or between other events or activities”举个🌰：

Little had changedin the intervening years.

这些年间没有发生什么变化。

devastate

devastate /ˈdɛvəˌsteɪt/ 表示“严重破坏；彻底摧毁”，英文解释为“IF somethingdevastatesan area or a place, it damages it very badly or destroys it totally.”举个🌰：

The tsunamidevastated parts of Indonesiaand other countries in the region.

这次海啸严重破坏了印度尼西亚和该区域其他国家的部分地区。

heartland

1）表示“（国家或地区的）腹地”，英文解释为“the central part of a country or area”如：the heartland of America 美国腹地。

2）表示“中心地区，重要地区”，英文解释为“the part of a country that is most important for a particular activity, or where a political party has the most support”如：the old industrial heartlands 旧时的工业重地。

Both Ukraine and the West have accused Russia of sending troops and weapons toback the rebelsbut Moscow has denied theallegations, stating that Russians who joined the separatists did so voluntarily.

乌克兰和西方都指责俄罗斯派遣军队和武器支持叛军，但俄罗斯方面否认了这些指控，称加入分离主义分子的俄罗斯人是自愿的。

allegation

表示“指控，指责”，英文解释为“Anallegationis a statement saying that someone has done something wrong.”举个🌰：

The company has deniedthe allegations.

该公司否认了这些指控。

A 2015 peace accord – the Minsk II agreement – wasbrokeredby France and Germany to help end the large-scale battles. The 13-point agreementobligedUkraine to offerautonomytoseparatist regionsandamnestyfor the rebels while Ukraine wouldregain full control ofits border with Russia in the rebel-held territories.

法国和德国促成了2015年的和平协议--《新明斯克协议》（the Minsk II agreement）--以帮助结束大规模战争。这份13项条款的协议要求乌克兰向分离主义地区提供自治权，并赦免叛军，同时乌克兰将在叛军控制的领土上重新获得与俄罗斯边界的完全控制权。

broker

表示“作为经纪人（或中间人）安排（交易、协议等）”，英文解释为“to arrange something such as a deal, agreement, etc. between two or more groups or countries”举个🌰：

The diplomats have failed in their attempts tobroker a ceasefire.

外交官们促成停火的尝试已告失败。

oblige

oblige /əˈblaɪdʒ/ = obligate 表示“责成；强迫，迫使”，英文解释为“to force someone to do something, or to make it necessary for someone to do something”举个🌰：

The lawobligescompanies to pay decent wages to their employees.

法律强制公司向其雇员支付适当的工资。

autonomy

表示“自主，自主权”，英文解释为“the ability to make your own decisions without being controlled by anyone else”

amnesty

amnesty /ˈæm.nə.sti/ 表示“（对政治犯的）赦免，大赦”，英文解释为“a decision by a government that allows political prisoners to go free”举个🌰：

Most political prisoners were freed underthe terms of the amnesty.

大多数政治犯按照大赦的条款获得了自由。

The agreement is highly complex, however, because Moscow continues to insist it hasnot been a party in the conflictand is therefore notboundby its terms.

然而，该协议非常复杂，因为俄罗斯方面继续坚持认为它不是冲突的一方，因此不受协议条款的约束。

bound

表示“受束缚的，受约束的；（法律或道德上）有义务的”，英文解释为“having a moral or legal duty to do something”举个🌰：

The companyis bound bya special agreement to involve the union in important decisions.

公司受一项特殊协定的约束，须请工会参与重大决策。

In point 10 of the agreement, there is a call for thewithdrawalof allforeign armed formationsandmilitary equipmentfrom thedisputedDPR and LPR. Ukraine says this refers to forces from Russia but Moscow has previously denied it has any troops in those states.

在协议的第10项条款中，要求所有外国武装编队和军事装备从有争议的顿涅茨克人民共和国（DPR）和卢甘斯克人民共和国（LPR）中撤出。乌克兰说这是指来自俄罗斯的部队，但俄罗斯方面此前一直否认它在这些国家有任何部队。

withdrawal

1）表示“收回；不再参加；退出（组织）”，英文解释为“the act of no longer taking part in sth or being a member of an organization”如：his withdrawal from the election 他从选举中的退出。

2）表示“撤军”，英文解释为“the process or action of a military force moving out of an area”

dispute

1）表示“对…提出质询；对…表示异议（或怀疑）”，英文解释为“to question whether sth is true and valid”举个🌰：

These figures have beendisputed.

有人对这些数字提出了质疑。

2）表示“争论；辩论；争执”，英文解释为“to argue or disagree strongly with sb about sth, especially about who owns sth”举个🌰：

The issue remains hotlydisputed.

这个问题至今仍在激烈地辩论中。

3）表示“争夺；竞争”，英文解释为“to fight to get control of sth or to win sth”。

🎬电影《地狱男爵2：黄金军团》（Hellboy II: The Golden Army）中的台词提到：Is there anyone here who would dispute my right? 有人想和我争权吗？

🎬电影《拜见岳父大人3》（Little Fockers）中的台词提到：While I dispute the findings, I appreciate the gesture.虽然我对结果有质疑 我谢谢你们的好意。

Last year, aspikeinceasefireviolations in the east and a Russian troop concentration near Ukrainefuelledfearsthat a new war was about to erupt but tensionsabatedwhen Moscow pulled backthe bulk ofits forces aftermanoeuvresin April.

去年，东部地区违反停火协议的事件激增，俄罗斯部队在乌克兰附近集结，这加剧了人们对新战争即将爆发的担忧，但当俄罗斯方面在4月的演习后撤回其大部分部队时，紧张局势有所缓解。

spike

在剑桥词典公布2020年度词汇：Quarantine中同样出现了这个词，1）作名词，可以理解为“峰值”或者“激增；猛增；急升”，英文解释为“a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something”，如：a spike in oil prices 油价的急剧上涨。

2）也可以作动词，同样表示“激增”，英文解释为“if the number or rate of something spikes, it increases quickly and by a large amount ”举个🌰：

New ordershave spikedin the last two years.

新订单在过去两年里激增。

ceasefire

表示“（通常指永久性的）停火，停战”，英文解释为“a time when enemies agree to stop fighting, usually while a way is found to end the fighting permanently”举个🌰：

Observers have reported serious violations ofthe ceasefire.

观察员报告说停火协议遭到严重破坏。

fuel

表示“加剧；增加；加强；刺激；激起”，英文解释为“To fuel a situation means to make it become worse or more intense.”如：to fuel speculation/rumours/fears 引起猜测/谣传/恐惧，举个🌰：

The result will inevitablyfuel speculationabout his future.

该结果将不可避免地加剧人们对他的前途的猜测。

abate

表示“（使）减弱，减退，减轻，减少”，英文解释为“to become less strong; to make sth less strong”举个🌰：

The storm showed no signs ofabating.

暴风雨没有减弱的迹象。

the bulk of

表示“（某物的）主要部分，大半”，英文解释为“the main or largest part of something”举个🌰

The bulk of consumersare based in towns.

大多数消费者都是城镇居民。

manoeuvre

manoeuvre /məˈnuː.vɚ/ 表示“军事演习”，英文解释为“a planned and controlled movement or operation by the armed forces for training purposes and in war”如：military/naval manoeuvres 军事/海军演习。

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